Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Double Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay This test depends on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) adjustment/demodulation strategy. The point of the investigation is to pick up recognition with the parts of a basic information transmission framework, gain experience utilizing an exploratory correspondence framework and contemplating its exhibition affected by background noise likewise, to contrast test results and hypothetical derivations. Bandpass adjustment, of which BPSK is a sort, is a procedure whereby, a sinusoid as a rule called a bearer wave, is regulated or have its attributes changed by a computerized beat baseband signal in other to empower remote based transmission. In BPSK tweak, the period of the transporter waveform is moved to either 0⠰ or 180⠰ by the adjusting information signal. To successfully show the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is utilized which adds the impact of commotion to the sign at the recipient in other to appropriately portray what acquires in genuine frameworks. SNR estimat ions are taken after the commotion is included before the beneficiary and consequences of each phase of the trial are introduced. 2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The outcomes got from the test and brief conversations are currently introduced. 2.1 The recurrence of the waveform was estimated to be 1.493kHz 2.2 The abundancy of the waveform was estimated to be 3.608V 2.3 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmp Fig. 1: Square Waveform from NE555 clock circuit. The clock circuit delivers a grouping of ones and zeros which along with the resistors and capacitor, creates a square waveform. It very well may be seen that the square top and base are not completely straight but rather with swells, this is because of the reverberation impact introduced by the capacitor. Likewise, the rising example of the top is because of the voltage rise time in the capacitor. 2.4 The recurrence of the message arrangement is estimated to be 374Hz 2.5 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal Sett ingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmp Fig. 2: Message succession at the yield of the recurrence divider. The SN74LS74 coordinated circuit executes a second request recurrence divider, 2n (n=2). Thus the recurrence of the clock circuit is isolated by four. Thus, this is additionally apparent in the recurrence of the message succession in 2.4 above. 2.6 The cut-off recurrence of the second request Butterworth low cruise channel is given by; The cut-off recurrence is the recurrence at which the greatness of the exchange work drops to 0.7071 of its most extreme worth which speaks to where the force in the circuit is 3dB not exactly the greatest worth. 2.7 The recurrence of the sinusoid at the yield of the channel was estimated to be 1.328kHz. 2.8 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpg Fig. 3: Output of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A B A †Output of first channel; B †Output of second channel The Butter worth lowpass channel is utilized to produce the sinusoidal bearer required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth channel has a delicate move off, has no wave in the pass or stop band subsequently, it has a monotonic reaction. To boost the perfection of the sinusoid, we utilize two of such channels in arrangement.

Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 16 Free Essays

â€Å"Who’s Simon?† I spun toward the bed. â€Å"Where did you hear that?† Adam tried his head on one palm, his face covered. â€Å"From you. We will compose a custom article test on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 16 or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now † â€Å"I never informed you regarding him.† â€Å"Not told, no. You said de name in your rest. What's more, since you’re laying down with me, I need to know who he is.† Had I envisioned Simon or not? I wasn’t certain. In the event that I had, was that positive or negative? On the off chance that I hadn’t, what the heck? I looked at the window, however the imprint was no more. Had it at any point been there in any case? â€Å"Who right? Adam seemed as though he was talking through held teeth. At the point when my look came back to his, I saw that he was. â€Å"Simon’s my husband.† A glint of savagery disregarded his face. â€Å"You didn’t figure you should specify a spouse? I may do a ton of things, however I do whatever it takes not to screw another man’s spouse on the off chance that I can help it† â€Å"No. I’m not †I mean we’re not †He isn’t †â€Å" Adam escaped the bed and crossed the floor so quick I scarcely had the opportunity to make a stride back. At the point when I did, I hit the stopping point. He got me by the lower arms and hauled me onto my toes. His grasp hurt, yet I was too dumbfounded to even think about protesting. â€Å"He isn’t what?’ â€Å"Alive.† Or if nothing else I didn’t think so. Adam discharged me as though I were a hot potato; I would have fallen on the off chance that I hadn’t had the divider to hold me up. â€Å"Sorry.† He pushed a hand through his hair. I wasn’t sure on the off chance that he was saying 'sorry' for Simon’s demise or for abusing me, yet I comprehended his outrage. Truth be told, his fierceness at the thought I was hitched made me see him from an alternate perspective. Adam Ruelle hadn’t appeared the sort to regard marriage promises, to acknowledge the fantasy of small time, one lady, until the end of time. In the event that I’d been off-base about that, I’d been off-base about him. Which just befuddled me more. â€Å"Never mind,† I said. â€Å"Forget it.† â€Å"You haven’t forgotten.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"You still love him. I could guess by de way you said his name.† I needed to ask how he knew such a great amount about affection, however I didn’t The discussion just underscored that we were for all intents and purposes outsiders, and I liked to keep it as such. â€Å"I’ll consistently love Simon. Demise can’t change what I feel.† He gazed at me so hard, I got the inclination he needed to open my head and look inside, discover what was most important to me. â€Å"How did he die?† I didn’t need to discuss this, particularly exposed, so I yanked the sheet off the bed and set out toward the restroom. Adam got the last part and hung on. â€Å"You dream of him,† he murmured. I wasn’t so sure it had been a fantasy, yet I couldn’t tell Adam I’d seen my dead spouse outside his window. â€Å"I saw a wolf,† I shouted. â€Å"Dreams aren’t real.† I wasn’t so sure any longer. â€Å"There.† I pointed. â€Å"At the window. Large, dark, with bizarre blue eyes.† On the off chance that Adam hadn’t been bare, I wouldn’t have seen him tense. His look nickered to the window and back. By the by, I was diverted by the wave of muscle underneath skin, the wave along his mid-region like a delicately streaming waterway. â€Å"There was no wolf, cher.† â€Å"What about the yells in the marsh? The passings? The tracks?† â€Å"What about them?† â€Å"Why do you continue denying even the likelihood that there’s a wolf or ten out here?† â€Å"Because there isn’t.† I gave a disappointed little yell and fought the temptation to kick him. â€Å"You need me to demonstrate it? This evening I take you. I realize this bog like I know my own name. In the event that there’s anything here that doesn’t have a place I’d have seen it† Except if he was concealing something, and I sort of believed that he was. Perhaps I shouldn’t go stumbling off cheerfully into the bog with him out of the loop. I may never be gotten notification from again. Be sheltered, Simon had said. What had he implied? From the loup-garou? From my sentiments? Or on the other hand from Adam? In any case, what decision did I have? In the event that I would satisfy my promise, I required assistance. Also, the main assistance accessible was the main man who’d caused me to feel alive since my entire world passed on. Life positively was a horrible bitch. I flickered as another idea happened to me, one that made me discombobulated with alarm. Reviling, I crumbled on the bed. â€Å"I’m no damn great at this.† Sex required obligation. Insurance. My abstinent way of life had kept me liberated from illness. I was additionally liberated from contraception, being both a widow and a dolt. The bed plunged as Adam sat alongside me. His hip brushed mine, yet he contacted me no place else, and for that I was thankful. At the point when he contacted me I couldn’t think. Clearly. â€Å"You’re entirely great at this, if you’re askin’ me.† â€Å"What?† My psyche wasn’t keeping up very well with the discussion. â€Å"You said you were no damn acceptable, however you are.† I grinned before I could stop myself. â€Å"Thanks. Yet, I implied at technicalities.† His clear gaze made me proceed. â€Å"Protection. We didn’t use any.† I saw the understanding spread over his face. I hung tight for the ghastliness, the frenzy, the break, yet it didn’t come. â€Å"You don’t need to worry.† â€Å"I think I do.† â€Å"You wanna ask me have I been with a great deal of women?† I shrugged. My weak ass likeness â€Å"Hell, yes!† â€Å"Once I screwed tot hare, my dad said.† â€Å"How†¦ flattering.† â€Å"He thought so.† Presently would be an ideal opportunity to get some information about his dad. Of course, what did it make a difference how, when, or why Ruelle Senior had passed on? â€Å"Me, I was lookin’ for adoration. What’s that tune? In all de wrong places.† The trouble all over made me need to contact him, however I knew where that would lead. â€Å"Those days are gone,† he mumbled. â€Å"Love isn’t for me.† â€Å"Why not?† Adam mulled over my face. â€Å"You aren’t lookin’ for adoration. We both know that.† He was correct, so I plunged my head. â€Å"I need you. Shouldn’t, yet can’t appear to support myself. I see that red hair,† He got a strand and scoured it between his fingers. â€Å"Smell your skin, gaze into your really green eyes, and I lose my mind.† Being needed for my body was something new, and I sort of loved it. â€Å"Since I left de armed force, there’s been no one.† â€Å"No one?† I found that difficult to accept. â€Å"No one,† he demanded. â€Å"And in de armed force, they tried us ordinary for each old thing. I told the truth out, cher, and clean I despite everything am. Right?† He quirked a temple and my face warmed. I’d never had a discussion like this, despite the fact that in the event that I wanted to spend a mind-blowing remainder alone, with the incidental sweetheart to bring some relief, I’d need to become accustomed to them. â€Å"There was never anybody however Simon,† I murmured. The words until you lingered palpably implicit. Adam contacted my hair once more. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"He was everything, and when he kicked the bucket †† My throat shut. â€Å"A part of you went with him,† he wrapped up. I didn’t trouble to reply. Couldn’t, truly. â€Å"It’s not characteristic to be alone.† I made a sound as if to speak. â€Å"I’m fine.† â€Å"Sure you are. You’ll become hopelessly enamored again.† â€Å"No,† I snapped. â€Å"No?† â€Å"I don’t ever need to feel the manner in which I felt when he died.† â€Å"So you feel nothing?† â€Å"I had my shot. Simon was it for me.† â€Å"You don’t figure you can cherish twice in one lifetime?† I lifted my head, looked at him straight without flinching. â€Å"No.† He read me for one moment to learn that I implied what I said. He probably observed that I did, on the grounds that he gave a sharp gesture, as though we’d fixed a deal. I surmise we had. â€Å"You’re like a wolf,† he mumbled, â€Å"mating forever. In the event that one passes on, de other is everlastingly alone.† â€Å"How do you know such a great amount about wolves?† â€Å"Common information, no?† I gazed at him, dubious however I wasn’t sure why. He was correct. The entire mating forever thing was basic information. â€Å"Never mind,† I murmured. I’d had another bright idea. â€Å"There’s more to be worried about than STDs.† All I required was an infant. I could scarcely deal with myself. I looked around the inadequate room. Adam wasn’t improving. In truth, I wasn’t obsessed with kids. I didn’t long to be a mother. Perhaps this made me an anomaly of nature, yet that’s how I felt. I was a lone youngster. I’d never played well with others. Without siblings and sisters, nieces and nephews, I’d had neither an explanation nor a tendency to keep an eye on simply made me skittish. Simon and I had chosen all we required was one another. We’d wanted to venture to the far corners of the planet, stay in bed tents until we couldn’t any longer, at that point resign. Also, in the event that I wasn’t going to have Simon’s youngster, I surely wasn’t going to have anybody else’s. â€Å"I can’t,† Adam mumbled. To ensure we were discussing something very similar, I asked, â€Å"Can’t what?† â€Å"Have children.† â€Å"No kidding.† I brought down my look to his lap. â€Å"You aren’t precisely prepared for the process.† â€Å"I implied I can’t get you, or anyo

How to Give Instructions a Child With ADHD Can Follow

How to Give Instructions a Child With ADHD Can Follow ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print How to Give Instructions That a Child With ADHD Can Follow Tips for better behavior By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on May 14, 2018 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Tetra Images/Getty Images Kids with ADHD respond best to directions that are direct, simple, and clear. This helps to ensure success in following your instructions â€" and success leads to a whole raft of positive outcomes. Why Chatty Instructions Dont Work for ADHD Kids Mom is washing dishes in the sink. The water is running and dishes are clinking. Her back is turned as she calls out, “Joe, finish eating your breakfast, and then brush your teeth and grab your backpack. You don’t want to be late. Oh, and don’t forget to grab your project. It’s due today and you worked so hard on it. Hold it carefully in your lap when you are on the school bus. You don’t want anything to happen to it.” To a child with ADHD, the directions probably sounded more like this: “Joe, finish eating your breakfast...something about the bus...blah, blah, blah.” Then Joe becomes distracted by the sound of the water running in the sink, and it makes him think of swimming, and that makes him think of summertime. He looks forward to swimming and playing Marco Polo at the pool with his brother and friends. He hopes Randall isn’t at the pool a lot this summer  because Randall is so bossy. That girl in science class is kind of bossy, too. Joe becomes consumed by his own shifting thoughts and isn’t even aware of mom’s talking. Your child’s distractions and tuning out are not purposeful, though to a parent it can be quite exasperating. With long, drawn-out directions, an ADHD child quickly finds himself in information overload. The important points you are trying to make become difficult to process, especially as he is distracted by his own thoughts or things going on around him. Rather than being able to successfully follow your directions, he misses them altogether. This sets both of you up for frustration, and it sets your child up for failure rather than success. How to Give Clear Directions Your Kid Can Follow Successfully Here are some simple tips for increasing your childs compliance when you give him a direction. You also may want to share these tips with your child’s teacher at school. When giving directions, move closer to your child and get his attention by touching his shoulder or arm and saying his name.Make sure you have eye contact with your child as you give the direction.Give simple, actionable instructions. For example, say “Put your homework folder in your book bag,” rather than Get ready for school.Speak clearly in a firm voice.If you need to provide explanation  say it before giving the direction. For example, We have to go to Grandmas right after school today so we arent late for her dinner. If you want to play with toys at Grandmas, pick some out and give them to me now. If you wait and say it after giving your child the direction, he may forget your original command.After giving the direction, wait a few seconds and stay by your child to make sure he maintains his attention on the task. If he complies and properly follows through with your direction, praise him immediately for a job well done. If youre not sure he fully understood the instruction s, ask him to repeat them in his own words.If your child does not comply, give him an IF…THEN statement that specifies your expectations and the consequences for not complying. For example, “If you don’t put the folder in your backpack right now, then you will lose 10 minutes off your computer time.”  If your child complies, give him praise. If he does not comply, follow through with the loss of something, like computer time privilege.Be consistent and calm in your approach, and connect with other adults in your childs life to be sure you are all giving the same messages in the same way.

The Research Design And Analysis Of Data - 1318 Words

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the researcher is going to highlight the ways to be used to collect data as well as the tools which are going to be used. The researcher is to mainly focus on the research design and analysis of data. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is a scheme of action or frame work for answering the research questions. It is also a way in which the researcher plans and structures the research process. Magenda(2003) defines research methodology as a plan of action, design strategy or process that the researcher chooses and uses inorder to get the desired outcome. The researcher used unstructured interviews and questionnaires in gathering the necessary data. Hitchcock and Hughes (1995) assert that in an unstructured interview, there is scope for the interviewer to introduce new material into the discussion which had not been thought of beforehandbut arose only during the course of the interview. The questionnaires were issued to teachers from the commercial department and a few from the administration staff. 3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING Tuckman (1994) defines population as a group that a researcher is interested in , gain information and drawing conclusions. The target population in this study comprised fifty eight Form 1m pupils at Chitakatira High School who are doing Principles of Accounts and the teachers from the commercial department and other staff members. According to Hitchcock andShow MoreRelatedResearch Design Is Conceptual Structure Within Which Research Is Conducted. It Constitutes the Blue Print of Collection, Measurement and Analysis of Data .Research Design Is Needed Because It Facilitates the Smooth262018 Words   |  1049 Pageswilamar SAMPLE DESIGN Research Design is conceptual structure within which research is conducted. 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TheRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Design1537 Words   |  7 PagesResearch and Program Evaluation This paper will compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research designs. While giving the information, I will also elaborate on the types of research designs that they both implore. At the end of the paper, the reader will have a better understanding for qualitative and quantitative research designs and when to use each type of design. Qualitative Research Design Cresswell (2014) states â€Å"qualitative methods rely on text and image data, have unique stepsRead MoreA Research Study On Using Northcentral University ( Ncu ) Dissertation1261 Words   |  6 Pagesthem through the rigorous process of developing a research topic, develop a research question, gathering information to examine the research question(s) and develop a hypothesis all the way to guidelines for submitting a dissertation for review. For this paper the NCU Concept Paper Template will be examined for its instructions on how to detail research methods for quantitative and qualitative studies. Quantitative Research Researchers or research teams who elect a quantitative study are going to

The United Nations An Internship Like No Other Essay

Xander McIntosh The King’s College Founder’s Competition 17 November 2016 The United Nations: An Internship Like No Other â€Å"The United Nations was not created to lead mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell.† Dag Hammarskjà ¶ld , former United Nations Secretary-General The kinds of hell Dag Hammarskjà ¶ld referred to are not difficult to imagine in a world ravished by World War II and terrified by the threat of nuclear war. Hammarskjà ¶ld is known today as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) and widely regarded as a man of unimpeachable character. His career at the UN was remarkable, in that he was completely uninterested in the bureaucratic politics many at the United Nations engage in, choosing to lead projects from the command tent instead of the corner office. He was the first and only Secretary-General to be chosen unanimously and is largely regarded as the greatest leader of the United Nations in history. John F. Kennedy once said about Hammarskjà ¶ld, â€Å"I realize now, in comparison to him I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century.† (Cite) The question then begs to be asked: what is the driving force behind this man’s impeccable integrity? As we know now, it was his passionate and private Christian faith. His compassion for his fellow man manifested itself in the form of service to millions through the United Nations. In addition, a collection of vivid personal Christian reflections, hailed by many as one of the mostShow MoreRelatedThe World s Most Advanced Military959 Words   |  4 Pagesleader’s personalities, and passions of its people drive international relations. It was then I knew that I wanted to serve our nation. I want to help the United States of America remain the strongest and most influential nation in the world because we have a powerful and courageous understanding of freedom. 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A Persistant Lichen Sclerosus Case Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Lichen sclerosus is a lymphocyte-mediated chronic inflammatory dermatitis that most normally involves the anogenital country. Treatment options include topical corticoids, tacrolismus, C dioxide optical maser extirpation and eventually vulvectomy as surgical attack. The aim of this survey is to describe a stubborn anogenital LS topic and depict the usage of V-Y promotion flap for the Reconstruction of the perineal defect after vulvectomy. We will write a custom essay sample on A Persistant Lichen Sclerosus Case Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Case: A relentless LS instance who was treated succesfully with surgery is reported and literature is reviewed. The patient had good tolerated the surgical process with satisfactory decorative consequences. Decision: A multidisciplinary squad work would be ideal in the direction of relentless LS instances. Surgical intervention of LS should be reserved as a last resort for patients who were furnace lining to other medical options and in the instance of a surgical effort recontruction of the vulva should be good known. Cardinal words: Lichen sclerosus, Vulvectomy, Vulvar Reconstruction. . Introduction: Lichen sclerosus ( LS ) is a benign, chronic tegument disease that most normally occures in the anogenital epithelial tissue ( 1 ) . It affects both gender and kids particularly adult females in postmenopausal ages. Although the exact aetiology is still unknown, there is a strong association between LS and autoimmune upsets such as ; alopecia areata, vitiligo, thyroid upsets and diabetes mellitus ( 2 ) . Besides the autoimmune diseases in association with HLA category II antigens, hormonal factors, infective causes, and familial influence have besides been associated with LS ( 1 ) . Authoritative LS is characterized by pronounced redness, epithelial cutting and typical cuticular alterations with an visual aspect of all right â€Å" coffin nail paper † -like pursing accompanied by symptoms of pruritus, dyspareunia and dysuria ( 3,4 ) . A considerable figure of patients ( 33 % ) are symptomless but have the clinical marks of LS on physical scrutiny. The diagnosing of LS is based upon the presence of characteristic clinical manifestations, ideally with histological verification obtained from a vulvar clout biopsy. A hold in the diagnosing may originate, due to the patients ‘ embarrassment and/or reluctance of the doctor to to the full measure the symptoms every bit good as strangeness with the disease ( 5 ) . The optimum direction of LS could be achieved with a multidisciplinary attack. Surgical intervention is preferred in the instance of a post-inflammatory sequelae, phimosis or in a malignant province. Although the presence of vulval cicatrixs or the features of the defect will restrict our surgical preferance there are many surgical options proposed for the perineal Reconstruction, including local musculus and fasciocutaneous tegument flaps ( 6,7,8 ) . We are depicting a persistant lichen induration instance who was treated surgically and recontructed with V-Y promotion vulvar flaps. Case study: A 49 twelvemonth old Caucasian adult female married for 30 old ages G3, P2, A1 enduring from vulvadynia because of relentless vulvar LS for 16 old ages, admitted to our clinic. She has been having medicine with carbamezepine for ungratified leg syndrome for six old ages. She had two cesarean subdivisions and three lumbar phonograph record hernia operations in which an internal fixator was placed to the lumbar vertebras. She used to hold local cortisol, estrogen and testosterone therapies since she received her initial diagnosing. She has had vulvar alcohol injection one time and vulvar betametasone, lidocain injections and phototherapy several times. Her history revealed a vulval denervation operation to the pudental nervus with the diagnosing of vulvadynia. Furthermore she had three times simple vulvectomy and vulval Reconstruction operations. These intervention modes failed to relieve her symptoms, and sclerosing alterations of vulvar country which extends to posterior, affecting the perineum and anus. The singular findings in her pelvic scrutiny were the hyperkerotic lichen plaques spread to anus, vaginal orifis and periclitoral country ( Figure 1a ) . We observed the vaginal orifis as narrow shaped and labia majora – minora were absent. Hyperkeratotic scars were noticable on her mons pubis due to her old surgical operations and lichen plaques. In her speculum scrutiny, vagina and neck were normal in form and uterus – bilateral ovaries were normal by transvaginal ultrasound and no malignant cells were reported in her pablum smear trial. Histopathological diagnosing of the topic was confirmed with two antecedently performed consecutive vulvar biopsies that revealed characteristic cuticular wasting and cuticular hyalinisation ( homogenisation of the collagen in the upper corium ) . Our patient had relentless and worsening symptoms and we decided to execute simple vulvectomy and V-Y promotion flap for the Reconstruction of vulvar defect ( Figure 1a ) and obtained informed consent consequently. Briefly ; urinary catheterisation was needed to forestall urethral hurt and to supply plenty wound hygiene after surgery. After vulvectomy ( Figure 1b ) , we performed V form scratchs bilaterally widening to median part of the thigh without any complication ( Figure 1c ) . The scratchs were profoundly performed until the superficial genital facia to travel the flaps freely and punctilious haemostasis was done. The mobility of the cutaneal flaps are tested. Following the release of the flap, this extra block of hypodermic tissue is folded into the defect. The sidelong transverse defect which was formed when the island flap moved medially is closed horizontally, therefore giving the concluding cicatrix a horizontal â€Å" Y † form. We aproximated the hypodermic tissue with 2/0 polyglactin 910 [ Ethicon, Edinburgh, UK ] . The tegument was closed by interrupted 3/0 polyglactin 910 [ Ethicon, Edinburgh, UK ] suturas ( Figure 1d ) . We repaired the round defect above the vaginal orifis with free rotary motion flap. No drains were placed. Postoperative closing of vulvar defect was seen perfect in form. She was hospitalized for the undermentioned two yearss ( Figure 2a ) and uretral catheterisation was removed on her 2nd twenty-four hours. All the critical marks of the patient were usual without any wound infection or haematoma in the closing. In the early postoperative period, the healing of vulva was uneventful and completed after three hebdomads ( Figure 2b ) . Discussion: A assortment of names and descriptions have been used for the disease that is presently named lichen sclerosus. In 1887, Hallopeau was the first to depict the histological characteristics of the disease ( 9 ) . LS occurs at all ages but non in newborns and is rare in the first twelvemonth of life. The disease has a bimodal extremum incidence in prepubescent misss and menopausal adult females. In a survey the prevalence of lichen sclerosus in childhood was found to be 1:900. The bulk of patients consists of adult females aged between 50-70 old ages, while 5-15 % of the LS topics were kids. Lifelong surveillance of all adult females with LS is considered indispensable because of the hazard of malignant patterned advance, ( 10 ) . Although adult females with vulval LS are at increased hazard of developing invasive squamous cell malignant neoplastic disease ( SCC ) of the vulva ( 4 ) , the estimated hazard is to be less than 5 % ( 11 ) . No grounds exists that regular check-ups cut down the hazard of malignant patterned advance. Nevertheless, patients with vulval LS should be examined at least annually and localized, relentless, nonresolving lesions should be biopsied ( 4 ) . In contrast to vulvar LS extragenital LS lesions are non associated with an increased hazard of malignance ( 9,12 ) . There is non a universally recognized direction scheme for adult females with LS. It normally provides diagnostic alleviation, without needfully rectifying the implicit in upset. The intervention of LS consists of instruction and support, behavioural alteration to keep good perineal hygiene and turning away of any local thorns, medicine and surgery. Assorted conservative curative options such as, topical testosterone, topical Lipo-Lutin, topical corticoids, estrogens, retinoic acid, retinoids, vitamin A, chloroquine and a short class of systemic corticoids are wholly accepted as intervention options ( 13 ) . All published studies on the direction of LS indicate centrist to strong topical steroids as the intervention option of pick ( 12,14,15 ) . Mild to chair authority topical corticoids are besides normally used for intervention of grownup vulvar LS ( 3 ) . Recently, ace potent topical steroids were found to be an effectual intervention for this job with both short- ( 16 ) and long-run ( 17 ) efficaciousness. Topical steroid therapy is non without complications, including the possibility of wasting, contact sensitisation, tegument alterations, and secondary infection. Although there are no good studied therapies in adult females who failed to react to corticoids, Lipo-Lutin, testosterone, retinoids, topical immune system modulating agents ( tacrolismus, pimecrolimus ) and cyclosporine has been used in some randomised tests ( 4 ) . Small randomized tests showed that Lipo-Lutin and testosterone picks are less effectual than corticoids ( clobetasol ) with more side effects ( 18 ) . Treatment with an unwritten retinoid ( acitretin ) was found to be effectual in one randomised test ( 19 ) . Successful interventions with tacrolimus oinment was reported ( 20 ) but frequently discontinued due to Burnss on application sites. As presented in our instance furnace lining instances have been treated with intradermic intoxicant injections with variable consequences ( 21 ) . Another concern must be the physicological jobs that may look ( i.e. narcotic maltreatment ) in relentless LS topics due to chronic vulvar hurting. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists suggests one-year scrutinies for patients whose LS is good controlled and more frequent visits for those with ill controlled disease ( 15 ) . Surgery does non hold a cardinal function in the intervention scheme of LS and could be considered as a last resort to handle complications secondary to the LS ( 22,23 ) . Surgical intercession in LS should non be aimed at taking the disease but at deciding complications of the disease: to let go of a inhumed button, to divide fused labia, or to widen a narrowed introitus in instance of ailments about clitoric symptoms ( hurting or sexual clitoric disfunction ) ( 22 ) . Its usage is limited since scars and contractures may look after surgery. However, if surgery is the preferable intervention mode, it is of import to cognize how to retrace the vulva. Patients wish to go on their sexual life every bit shortly as possible. V-Y promotion flap is an effectual method for Reconstruction of the perineal part. This technique will supply better blood supply and nervus esthesis and will let the expanding of the vaginal orifis. The principle behind the surgical therapy is chiefly to handle those patients who did non or react ill to medical intervention and secondly to forestall the development of invasive carcinoma of the vulva ( 23 ) . Our patient had a long medical history about LS in which she had received several local therapies, phototherapy, surgical efforts and systemic medicines for 16 old ages. All intervention modes were discussed with the household and the concluding determination of the patient was surgery due to her exhaustion and better decorative outlook. Consequently, surgical intercession must be deferred until LS has been controlled with medicine or should be reserved for pull offing postinflammatory sequelae. If an excisional process ( i.e. vulvectomy ) is the preferable intervention mode, Reconstruction of the vulvar defect with V-Y promotion flap seems to be an applicable and extremely effectual surgical technique with its good decorative consequences and rapid healing after surgery. Legends Figure 1: Pre and intraoperative images of vulvar lichen sclerosus patient. 1a ; hyperkerotic lichen plaques spread to anus, vaginal orifis and periclitoral country, 1b ; vulvectomy was performed, 1c ; V form scratchs bilaterally widening to median part of the thigh, 1d. closing of the tegument, giving the concluding cicatrix a horizontal â€Å" Y † form. Figure 2: Postoperative images of vulvar lichen sclerosus patient. 2a ; station operative 2nd twenty-four hours, 2b ; completed vulvar mending three hebdomads subsequently. How to cite A Persistant Lichen Sclerosus Case Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Okinawan Music

Okinawan music is a traditional type of music in Japan, sang by Okinawa people. Most of the Japans traditional songs have been forgotten by various societies. Currently, Okinawa music remains as the only traditional music surviving in Japan. In most of the festivals in Japan Okinawa music is sang by hundreds of people. Okinawa people parade themselves along the streets as they accompany the Okinawa music with fabulous dance called the katcharsee. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Okinawan Music [FREE Paper Example!] specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The okinawan people are known to have a special liking of songs and dances (Lipsitz 88). There are unique dances that accompany each Okinawa song during the festivals. The okinawan songs and dances have been passed from one generation to another with a lot of improvements in them. There are specific musical instruments that are preferred when Okinawa music is played for instance the three-string lute is commonly played. In several occasions where Okinawa songs are played a celebration song known as kajade Fu is played to open the ceremony. Such occasions where Okinawa songs are played include wedding ceremonies, presidential gatherings, and other special occasions (Young 103). During the okinawan performances â€Å"kadiku and Atchame Guwa† are the songs that are played to end the ceremony. At this time of ending the ceremony singers, dancers, and the audience gather on the stage to sing as well as dancing to close the occasion. Songs and dances are sung over and over again at the stage until every audience comes at the stage to join the rest. Different songs of Okinawa have different meanings ranging from love songs, patriotic songs, and educative songs. For instance, kana-yo Bushi is an Okinawa song of love sang by women as they express their love to their men through a hand towel woven by them. Another example of Okinawa colorful music i s Toshin Doi that was played to American and other nations in the year 2000. This is the year when the United States president Bill Clinton attended the G-8 summit on Okinawa, and this song was sung. The okinawan music culture is interesting. Okinawa people mostly make use of sanshin in their traditional music that is believed to have come from Ryukyuan dignity during the ruling of Sho Shin. The introduction of sanshin in Okinawa music made the musicians to express their feelings in amore striking manner. Sanshin in English means a three stringed guitar though it’s an instrument relatively smaller than a guitar, and is covered by a snakeskin (Selden and Hein 120). The sanshin is a small musical instrument and produces a very high sound, its also called banjo when played together with Okinawa music. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditionally the okinawan music is playe d into four categories. It’s categorized depending on the island of origin. The first category is Okinawa-honto; these are songs that are smoothly sung with standard tunes of singers, they are also considered to be more stylish than the rest. The second category is Miyako music, songs that have well designed melodies and legend of the natural calamities concerning the history of the island. The third category is Yaeyama music that is mainly composed of festive songs sung in most of the ceremonies and special occasions (Nakasone 82). The final category of Okinawa music is Amami songs that are composed of both styles of Japanese and Okinawa, this category seem to be also classic. When Minyo and Shimauta are played traditionally, the dancers enjoy themselves as they do it with interesting styles capturing the attention of the audience. Most of the songs that are okinawan minyo depend on the life experiences of the writer, and they are all over Japan. Shimauta refers to island m usic and has been there for a long duration of time approximately 30 years. The culture of okinawan music approves the use of musical instruments. The commonly used musical instruments are the sanshin and taiko, as they are found to accompany the traditional okinawan music very well. For over the years, modern okinawan artists have been using some other instruments like violin, tambourine, and flutes among other modern musical instruments. The okinawan music community has a culture of writing a new song every day (Young 270). This community has remained as aggressive as it was 500 years back. Their songs cover almost everything in the universe as its possible to find vegetable songs, sky songs and many more. Okinawa music has evolved in three perspectives such as minyo, rock and jazz. After the Second World War the okinawan musicians chose jazz as a way of expressing their songs well and passing their intended message to the audience. Jazz developed well with the rock adding more v alue to the traditional okinawan music. Some famous okinawan artists like Paul Ishigaki made popular performance with his jazz and initiated the spread of jazz singers all over Japan (Sakamoto and Allen 78). Up to now there are many jazz artists in Japan live houses. From the look of the things the okinawan rock and jazz is alive and advancing forcefully within the music industry, thus encouraging more and more audience of their performances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Okinawan Music [FREE Paper Example!] specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For many years now, the Okinawa music is expanding and blossoming as the musicians continue to enjoy the traditional tunes while inventing new music for the future. Currently, the Okinawa music is receiving much attention from the audience and other dignitaries in all over Japan. For the last few years Okinawa singers have been influencing other singers from the mainland J apan to work together and expand the Okinawa music and attract more audience (Lipsitz 45). The Okinawa music still has become so popular due to its current hitting songs concerning the modern social life in Japan. The most famous songs are those criticizing the young schoolgirls who are being cheated by old men for money. This type of music pleases more and more people as it is educating these youngsters to have a bright future. During the world war 11, the Okinawa people were frustrated, but their classical music expanded and gave them much hope for the future. This okinawan music has evolved from traditional perspective to a classical type of music attracting many funs. The okinawan music has crossed the bounders to educate as well as entertain people internationally (Selden and Hein 160). The funs of okinawan music are over the world. Even those people, who can hardly understand the Japanese language, enjoy the sweet lyrics and melodies. Most of the best CDs of okinawan music c an be purchased online and their videos can also be watched online. The availability of the okinawan music online has helped in the expansion of their market. Famous musicians, guitarists, and dancers in Okinawa music have also contributed much in the growth of this music. The Okinawa music has musicians who are recognized globally and are acceptable in entertaining and educating people. The okinawan music has evolved drastically from being a local music to an international music. Works Cited Lipsitz, George. Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism, and the Poetics of Place. ISBN1859849350, 9781859849354, Verso, 2009. Nakasone, Ronald. Okinawan Diaspora. ISBN0824825306, 9780824825300, University of Hawaii Press, 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sakamoto, Rumi and Allen Matthew. Popular Culture, Globalization And Japan. ISBN0415368987, 9780415368988, Taylor Francis, 2006. Selden, Mark and Hein, Laura Islands Of Discontent: Okinawan Responses To Japanese And American Power. ISBN0742518663, 9780742518667, Rowman Littlefield, 2003. Young, Richard. Music, Popular Culture, Identities. (Vol 19), ISBN9042012498, 9789042012493, Rodopi, 2002. This essay on Okinawan Music [FREE Paper Example!] was written and submitted by user Saanvi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog I Spy Ten of the Best Works AboutEspionage

I Spy Ten of the Best Works AboutEspionage Today, of course, we all learned of the death of Osama bin Laden by Navy SEALS, the culmination of years and years of military intelligence and super sleuthing. The world of espionage is undeniably fascinating and thousands of works, both fiction and nonfiction, have been written on the topic. If you cannot get enough spy stories, but have been burned by some stinkers, here is a list of the ten best out there, as recommended by loyal Official Blog readers. 1.   Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency by James Bamford From the Publishers Weekly review: With remarkable access to highly sensitive documents and information, Bamford takes the reader from the beginnings of NSA during the early cold war, through its roles in such watershed events as the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War, to the amazingly sophisticated developments in information technology taking place within NSA today. What Bamford discovers is at times surprising, often quite troubling but always fascinating. In his conclusion, he is at once awed and deeply disturbed by what NSA can now do: ever more sophisticated surveillance techniques can mean ever greater assaults on the basic right of individual privacy. In a computer system that can store five trillion pages of text, anyone and everyone can be monitored. Writing with a flair and clarity that rivals those of the best spy novelists, Bamford has created a masterpiece of investigative reporting. 2.   Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBIS Robert Hanssen Betrayed America by David Wise From the Library Journal review: Journalist Wiseinterviewed Hanssens case psychiatrist and thus provides considerable informed discussion about motive. Was it for the money to support his big family, the thrill of playing a dangerous game, or to get back at a never-satisfied father? Hanssen apparently walked right into a Soviet office in 1979, which leads to the question whether the CIA and FBI were watching this office-and if not, why not? 3.   The Armies of the Night by Norman Mailer From Alfred Kazins 1968 review in the New York Times: The book cracks open the hard nut of American authority at the center, the uncertainty of our powerand, above all, the bad conscience that now afflicts so many Americans. Armies of the Night is a peculiarly appropriate and timely contribution to this moment of the national dramas, and among other things, it shows Mailer relieved of his vexing dualities, able to bring all his interests, concerns and actually quite traditional loyalties to equal focus. The form of this diary-essay-tract-sermon grew out of the many simultaneous happenings in Washington that weekend, out of the self-confidence which for writers is style, out of his fascination with power in American and his fear of it, out of his American self-dramatizing and his honest fear for his country. 4.   The Cuckoos Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage by Cliff Stoll From the Publishers Weekly review: A 75-cent discrepancy in billing for computer time led Stoll, an astrophysicist working as a systems manager at a California laboratory, on a quest that reads with the tension and excitement of a fictional thriller. Painstakingly he tracked down a hacker who was attempting to access American computer networks, in particular those involved with national security, and actually reached into an estimated 30 of the 450 systems he attacked. Initially Stroll waged a lone battle, his employers begrudging him the time spent on his search and several government agencies refused to cooperate. But his diligence paid off and in due course it was learned that the hacker, 25-year-old Markus Hess of Hanover, Germany, was involved with a spy ring. Eight members were arrested by the West German authorities but all but one were eventually released. Although the book will be best appreciated by the computer literate, even illiterates should be able to follow the technical complexities with little diffic ulty. 5.   Tinker, Tailor, Solider, Spy by John Le Carre A favorite among many responders, Le Carres novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy first appeared in 1974, is arguably Le Carrà ©s masterpiece and is surely one of the great spy novels of the 20th century. Loosely inspired by the career of Kim Philby, a Russian double agent who worked his way into the upper reaches of the British Secret Service, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy tells the story of donnish, unprepossessing master spy George Smiley and his quest to identify the mole the deep-penetration agent who has turned Britains Intelligence Service (commonly known as the Circus) inside out. (From the Barnes and Noble review). 6.   Invitation to an Inquest: Reopening the Rosenberg Case by Walter and Miriam Schneir From the New York Review of Books: There have been several books on the Rosenberg case, none of them very satisfactory and at least two (taking diametric views of the case) quite appallingly bad. Invitation to an Inquest is in another category altogether. Mr. and Mrs. Schneir have not only examined the record with care but, going beyond the record and exhibiting the most admirable tenacity, have uncovered significant facts not previously brought to light. The net effect of their researches is to cast considerable doubt on the veracity of Harry Gold and David Greenglass, the principal witnesses against the Rosenbergs, and on that of Max Elitcher, who supplied the only testimony directly linking Morton Sobell to the alleged Rosenberg spy ring. If the information now brought forward by Mr. and Mrs. Schneir had been used by the defense at the time of the trial, the result might have been different. 7.   The Bourne Trilogy by Robert Ludlum Almost everyone who suggests Spy Favorites mentioned Ludlums Bourne Trilogy.   I havent read any of them, but my friends enthusiasm for the works have put the set on my summer reading list. If, like me, you are one of the few who does know what the books are about, here ya go: THE BOURNE IDENTITY: He has no past. And he may have no future. His memory is blank. He only knows that he was fished out of the Mediterranean Sea, his body riddled with bullets. There are a few clues: evidence that plastic surgery has altered his face, a Swiss bank account containing four million dollars, and a name: Jason Bourne. But he is marked for death, racing for survival through the layers of his buried past into a world of murderous conspirators led by the worlds most dangerous assassin, Carlos. And no one can help Bourne but the woman who once wanted to escape him. THE BOURNE SUPREMACY: In a Kowloon Cabaret, scrawled in a pool of blood, is a name the world wanted to forget: Jason Bourne. The Chinese vice-premier has been slain by a legendary assassin. World leaders ask the same fearful questions: Why has Jason Bourne come back? Who is the next to die? But US officials know the truth: there is no Jason Bourne. The name was created as cover for David Webb on his search for t he notorious killer Carlos. Someone else has taken the Bourne identity and unless he is stopped, the world will pay a devastating price. So Jason Bourne must live again. THE BOURNE ULTIMATUM: The worlds two deadliest spies in the ultimate showdown.Two men, each mysteriously summoned by telegram, witness a bizarre killing. The telegrams are signed Jason Bourne. Only they know Bournes true identity and understand the telegram is really a message from Bournes mortal enemy, Carlos, the worlds deadliest and most elusive terrorist. And they also know that he wants a final confrontation with Bourne. Now David Webb must do what he hoped he would never have to do again assume the terrible identity of Jason Bourne. 8.   The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy No list of best spy works would be complete without a nod to the master of the spy novel, Tom Clancy. In this popular work, which launced the authors career, The Hunt for Red October is   a deadly game of hide-and-seek played out in 18 days over 4000 miles of ocean. Red October is the Soviet Navys newest ballistic missile submarine. When the whole crew decides to defect, the Soviet fleet sets out to destroy it, while the US and British fleets attempt to prevent them. 9.   Eye of the Needle by Ken Follett There were several hearty recommendations for this novel from commentors. Eye of the Needle is about one enemy spy [who]  knows the secret of the Allies greatest deception, a brilliant aristocrat and ruthless assassin- code name: The Needle- who holds the key to the ultimate Nazi victory. Only one person stands in his way: a lonely Englishwoman on an isolated island, who is coming to love the killer who has mysteriously entered her life.    Written in 1978, Eye continues to enthrall readers. 10.   From Russia With Love by Ian Fleming Finally last, but certainly not least what list of best spy writing would be complete without an showing from Sir Ian Fleming, whose hero, James Bond 007, set the standard for the spy novel genre? In this classic tale from 1957, our hero has gotten himself into another fine mess as   Russias lethal SMERSH organization has targeted him for elimination. SMERSH has the perfect bait in the irresistible Tatiana Romanova, who lures 007 to Istanbul promising the top-secret Spektor cipher machine. But when Bond walks willingly into the trap, a game of cross and double-cross ensues, with Bond both the stakes and the prize.

Paying for Private School in Tough Times

Paying for Private School in Tough Times We all know that private school is expensive, and its not uncommon for parents to sometimes have trouble paying private school tuition. Dr. Wendy Weiner, Principal of Conservatory Prep Senior High in Davie, Florida answers some of the questions parents have and explains their options. 1. The major breadwinner in the family has been laid off. The family has one child in tenth grade at private school. They cannot afford to pay the next four months of tuition. What do you suggest they do? This is a phenomenon we are seeing more and more. Individuals with high paying jobs being laid off. First, go through your finances and determine your budget and what you can realistically afford for the next four months. Even if it is $200 per month, rather than $1,500. The economic situation, although may seem bleak, can turn around quickly and you may be wanting to place your child back at the school. Speak with the administration regarding your financial situation. Be up front and honest. Is there a service you can provide to the school for the next four months? Schools dont want to lose their students midway through the year, especially good students. 2. If parents have savings for college, should they use these funds to pay for private school tuition? I am asked this question regularly. What is most important is if your child is thriving in a particular school during the teen years, both academically and socially, dont move. I cant emphasize this enough. The high school years are very difficult and to find an environment where your child excels is very important. I have seen students placed in a large high school, feel very lost and not involved in activities and earn poor grades. The parents dont want to move him to a private school, because the money is being saved for college. However, if the child continues to earn low grades and does not develop extra-curricula interests, paying for college wont be a problem. Granting acceptance will be. The reality is that there are more scholarships available for colleges than for private high schools. Even with the turbulent economy, there are many options including scholarships and very low-interest loans for college. 3. Arent parents obliged by contract to pay tuition and other expenses? Yes. Parents sign a contract that they agree to pay tuition for the year. The schools count on this money to meet their expenses. The school is put in a very bad predicament when teachers are hired, leases are signed for buildings, etc. and then students do not fulfill their contracts. If you are not sure if you will be able to fulfill your contract, speak with the school about your concerns. Sometimes schools may put in provisions in the contract for special circumstances. 4. Cant parents go back to the school and renegotiate their financial aid package for the current year? Definitely. Schools are businesses and need students to survive. Often you can re-negotiate a new payment plan or financial aid package. The institution would rather receive some money to cover basic costs than ​to  receive nothing. However, there are some students who drain the system with their needs. Be realistic with your expectations and your childs needs. 5. What advice can you offer parents who are looking at private school for the coming year? With all of the negative, there is a positive side. Private schools have been forced to up their game. Faculty who were not of the highest standards have been let go and programs which are of low quality have been cut from the budget. Schools know that parents have choices and are competing for each child. The schools have had to re-evaluate their own programs, curriculum and expectations. Those schools which are not able to offer a high standard of education will be closing, while those which are strong will flourish. Parents will find a higher quality of school at a fair price than they have known in the past. With budget cuts in the public schools, academic standards and expectations have been lowered, therefore making it difficult to obtain a publicly funded quality education.    Updated by Stacy Jagodowski

Sustainable Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Competitive Advantage - Essay Example As the paper discusses  the concept of competitive advantage was first brought to the lime light by Porter. He mentioned in his book that competitive advantage can be attained by creating a unique differentiation and by achieving low cost of production. However, this theory has been revised by him and the concept of ‘Sustainable Competitive Advantage’ was introduced. He further mentioned that companies should follow either cost leadership or differentiation, and should not follow the middle path.  This essay stresses that  the resource availability is directly proportional to the organizational success, as high amount of resource can lead higher production volume. As a result, a company with higher amount of resources can easily meet the growing demands of the customers, compared to its rival thereby giving it a competitive advantage.  The resource heterogeneity or resource uniqueness is a major factor that gives firm a unique edge over its rivals. Thus if all th e existing firms possess the same resources, even in abundance, will not create competitive advantage for one firm. Thus competitive advantage cannot be same for all firms.  The uniqueness of a firm’s skills and resources is the primary factor responsible for development of the competitive advantage.  Organizational resources are valuable only when it has high demand in the industry, it is scarce and it is appropriate for the firms’ operational process.

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypothyroidism (Underactive Essay

Dietary(Nutritional) recommendations for Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid Gland) - Essay Example Both deficiency and excess of iodine are bad. Excess intake in a patient with underlying thyroid disease can cause full-blown thyroid dysfunction. 1.1mg daily iodine intake is recommended (Leung cited in Ede 2012). Levothyroxine is a thyroid hormone synthetically manufactured. It is used in patients with hypothyroidism. But, food-drug interactions are very important here because certain foods can decrease its absorption in the biological system. Soy flour, calcium juices or supplements, and dietary fiber can decrease absorption of levothyroxine. So after taking this thyroid hormone, these foods should be avoided for several hours. But, fasting is prohibited because prolonged fasting state can drastically increase thyroid hormone levels (Wickham 2013). Levothyroxine can also impair absorption of hypoglycemic drugs, so blood glucose levels should be carefully monitored (NLM 2009). For hypothyroidism, iodine supplements are mostly unnecessary since the introduction of iodized salt and f ood fortification unless one is living in a poverty-stricken or severely underdeveloped region. Though iodine supplements may still be required in some cases, levothyroxine is usually considered sufficient for safe treatment of hypothyroidism (Nippoldt 2012). Messina, M & Redmond, G 2006, ‘Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature’, Thyroid, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 249-58. Nippoldt, TB 2012, ‘Can iodine supplements help regulate thyroid function in a person with hypothyroidism?’, viewed 12 May 2014,

Inherited and Environmental Influences on Development

Inherited and Environmental Influences on Development The environmental and inherited influences on development, also known as, nature and nurture both play key roles in the shaping of developmental processes. Nature refers to inherited or biological traits such as, abilities and capacities that are genetically passed down by ones parents. On the other hand, nurture refers to environmental influences that play a role in shaping our behaviors, such as methods of childrearing and other products of society. Differences in lateralization of the brain between males and females may be ascribed to both genetic differences in the corpus callosum, which is larger in women, and environmental factors; girls usually receive more extensive verbal encouragement than boys do. Both nature and nurture are theorized to be attributing factors that influence and shape development. Developmental Psychologists place strong emphasis on the belief that both nature and nurture are leading causes that influence and shape human behavior and development by either biological factors: nature, or environmental factors: nurture. 1. What are some inherited influences on development? 2. What are some environmental influences on development? 3. What role does socialization play as an environmental influence on development? Psychologists and developmental experts have been able to attribute the behaviors of an individual to particular influences on development that can be separated into two categories: inherited and environmental influences on development. What are some inherited influences on development? It is widely speculated that factors of inherited influence are more important than the environmental factors that affect a childs growth and development. Obviously we know that inherited biological factors do play a great role in shaping human development, this is a widely acknowledged fact. While this is true, one must still not disregard the significance of environmental influences in the early stages of growth and development. Many studies emphasizing the significance of inherited influences are, however, impossible to disregard or ignore. For example, it is almost universally accepted that a child faces biological risks in their mental and physical development when the mother smokes cigarettes during pregnancy. However, many would argue that you cannot directly attribute negative social behaviors to the mother smoking tobacco during pregnancy. According to research presented at the Behavior Genetics Association, there is uncertainty about why there are links between maternal smo king during pregnancy and offspring antisocial behavior. This uncertainty creates room for the argument that environmental influences can be attributed as the factor responsible for these negative behavioral developments. However, many scholars still argue that recent research and data indicates that findings differ for offspring antisocial behavior where the association with prenatal smoking appears to be entirely explained by inherited pathways that are not attributable to maternal antisocial behavior. This argument is strengthened by data presented at the Behavior Genetics Association in 2007, below is a graph of the findings. The research showed an increased rate of antisocial behaviors amongst the offspring of parents who smoked during pregnancy. (Rice, 2007) (PNAS, 2007) What are some environmental influences on development? The environmental impacts on ones behavior can often determine factors that will shape future behaviors. During critical and sensitive periods development can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the existence of certain types of environmental stimuli become necessary for development to continue conventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, specifically in the area of personality and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly vulnerable to certain types of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not always result in immutable consequences. What role does socialization play as an environmental influence on development? Societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we have been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, gender is something socially constructed and society places expectations on individuals according to their gender, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A publication from U.C. Santa Cruz states the following of gender acquisition and the societal influences that are perpetuated around them. Gender stereotypes in infants are perpetuated by societys expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to conform to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small size and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While evidence of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming less dominant after adolescence, sex stereotyping in adults behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that both children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996) Research by psychologists over the last several decades has increasingly pointed to hereditary factors being more important, especially for basic personality traits such as emotional tone.   However, the acquisition of values, beliefs, and expectations seem to be due more to socialization and unique experiences, especially during childhood. (Oneil, 2006) Most psychologists and developmental specialists agree upon the fact that influences from both inherited and environmental elements are equally important to the construction of growth and development. However, certain behaviors and growth patterns are believed to result from greater attributes of environmental and inherited influences. Theoretical Perspectives Examining the Development of Children With (ADHD) Trends have shown that the amount of children in the United States diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, additionally known as (ADHD) over time has steadily increased among young children and adolescent youth. The exponential surge in diagnosis of ADHD has increased the amount of prescription drugs used to treat individuals. Issues surrounding these developments pose a multitude of questions that include: 1. How are applications of the theoretical perspectives of development examined to help understand disorders such as ADHD? 2. What are the associated risk factors of medications used to treat ADHD in children? The increasingly steady number of children being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the U.S has resulted in an array of developmental obstacles; the actual number of children diagnosed with ADHD remains unknown, as does the amount of those children that are being treated with prescription medications. How are Applications of the theoretical perspectives of development examined to help understand disorders such as ADHD? Theoretical perspectives that lifespan Developmentalists examine as they identify the different patterns of growth, change, and behavioral stability that take place in the duration of the entire lifespan help bring further understanding to behaviors and the possibly of treating undesired behaviors. Among these theoretical perspectives include, learning, language, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. All of these perspectives can be applied to assist the understanding of behaviors including the behaviors of children with ADHD. A commonly used behavioral method for the treatment of ADHD is the approach of cognitive behavioral therapy. A definition for cognitive behavioral therapy has been provided by, the Mayo Clinic. With cognitive behavioral therapy, you work with a mental health counselor (psychotherapist) in a structured way, attending a limited number of sessions. By helping you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking, cognitive behavioral therapy allows you to view challenging situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way (Mayo Clinic Staff). What are the associated risk factors of medications used to treat ADHD in children? An in depth analysis addressing the associated risks of prescription medications used to treat ADHD in children must be taken into strong consideration before any decisions are made to place that child on such medications. The most commonly prescribed drugs to both children and adults for the treatment of ADHD are stimulants. A publication from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concluded the following of children undergoing treatment for ADHD: NSCH does not assess use of ADHD treatments other than medicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦thus, the number of children with reported ADHD diagnoses who received other types of treatments is not known. Studies indicate that the use of stimulants, prescribed to treat ADHD can lead to harmful side-affects. Not to mention the risk of becoming reliant upon, or even addicted to prescription stimulants. (Kennedy, 2005) Distinctions Separating Self-Concept and Self-Esteem The image that an individual perceives him or herself as is believed to greatly influence the social and cognitive development of that individual. The establishment of self-concept and self-esteem are two greatly influential aspects of a childs development. Environmental and inherited influences are theorized to have affect on the development of self-concept. Promotion of social development by parents or caregivers may substantially increase the likelihood of a child developing a positive self-esteem depending on variables such as nature and nurture of the situation. 1. What differences separate self-concept from self-esteem? 2. What are the theoretical perspectives on self-concept and self-esteem? 3. How can caregivers facilitate childrens development in these areas? The development of the self in early and middle childhood encompasses the growth of independent ideas and goals, which veer from expectations of the primary role models, the process where developments of social comparisons are made reflects ones self-concept, however, self-esteem refers to the way an individual perceives themselves through self evaluation; both are vital to social development and can be positively or negatively influenced by caregivers. What differences separate self-concept from self-esteem? The term self-concept refers to the perception regarding what one is like as an individual, and that individuals identity. The self-concept allows individuals to identify with specific characteristics of the self that allow them to differ from other individuals. For instance, a response to a question exemplifying ones individual strengths reflects ones self-concept, or identity. The development of self-concept is primarily used to reflect strengths perceived by an individual about his or her self that are used to provide meaning to their actions and purpose in life. In children, self-concepts may not be accurate; an individuals self-concept changes throughout life, this is dependant upon changes in a cultures views regarding others outside of their own, changes involving state institutions, and products of other societal and environmental influences. According to research found by William W. Purkry, author of: An Overview of Self-Concept Theory for Counselors. Highlights: An ERIC/CAP S Digest: Self-concept is learned. As far as we know, no one is born with a self-concept. It gradually emerges in the early months of life and is shaped and reshaped through repeated perceived experiences, particularly with significant others. (Purkey, 1988) The term self-esteem refers to an individuals overall and distinct positive and negative self-evaluation. Many important developments on an individuals self-esteem transpire during middle childhood. Throughout this phase, children experience the maturation of Internal standards. Which is often times the reason that children progressively compare themselves to others. For the majority of children, self-esteem increases as the transition from early childhood to middle childhood takes place. Feelings of inadequacy that relate to an individuals capacity to do most things takes place when that individuals self-esteem is negative. What are the theoretical perspectives on self-concept and self-esteem? There are a multitude of theoretical perspectives that give possible explanation to functions of self-concept and self-esteem. The Educational Resources Information center (ERIC) provides a publication of An Overview of Self-Concept Theory for Counselors, which identifies some of the influential theorists that have contributed to theories of self-concept. By far the most influential and eloquent voice in self-concept theory was that of Carl Rogers (1947) who introduced an entire system of helping built around the importance of the self. In Rogers view, the self is the central ingredient in human personality and personal adjustment. Rogers described the self as a social product, developing out of interpersonal relationships and striving for consistency. He maintained that there is a basic human need for positive regard both from others and from oneself. He also believed that in every person there is a tendency towards self-actualization and development so long as this is permitted and encouraged by an inviting environment. (p. 2) Some of the other theoretical perspectives of self-concept and self-esteem in development include: Piagets stages of cognitive development, Erik Eriksons psychosocial development, Carl Rogers conception of self, Vygotskys approach to cognitive development, Lawrence Kohlbergs development of social learning and moral reasoning, and Abraham Maslows theories on personality. Humanistic psychologist, Carl Rogers theorized that the self was divided into two parts, the real self and the ideal self. An article written by Herb Stevenson for Natural Passages, states the flowing of the ideal self vs. the real self. The ideal self is some fantasy that we carry around as a measure of what we might be if the fairy god mother ever shows up. Often, this is a picture of life, our life, that we have changed very little since childhood. By taking the time to really examine the depth of the ideal self, we see indirectly how we have judged or dismissed whom we are. The real self is a comparison to that ideal self. It is a description of who am I, really, right now. By comparing the ideal with the real, we begin to see the gaps in perception we have created, the judgments we have made about ourselves, and the gaps that could be preventing us from fully living our lives in the moment as the person that we truly are. (para. 3) The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill defines the concept of representational mapping as the following: Representational mapping can be described as the self-descriptions that are logical connections among components that can be made primarily concrete, overly positive, and all or nothing. They contain concrete and abstract components, more realistic (but still always positive: above average effect) shades of grey (Steps in self development). How can caregivers facilitate childrens development in these areas? The importance of promoting the development of a healthy self-esteem in children is an environmental influence on behavior that is greatly affected by parenting techniques. Parents and caregivers can facilitate childrens development in the areas of self-concept and self-esteem through childrearing styles. The most effective way to do so is through the implementation of authoritative childrearing techniques. Authoritative parents have the perfect balance of emotional support, warm and loving qualities; yet, they set clear boundaries for behavior. Certain techniques of parenting have proven to result in negative effects on a childs self-esteem. For instance, Authoritarian parents are extremely controlling and there word is the law, there is no toleration for expression of disagreement. Authoritarian parents enforce strict methods of discipline and punishment that negatively reinforce behaviors of that child, which is likely to result in an increase of the unwanted behaviors occurring a gain under the same circumstances. The use of positive and negative reinforcers when applied properly has been a proven method of modifying behaviors. The U.K. site Kids Behaviour provides useful information on how to properly apply positive and negative reinforcement to promote desired behavioral responses (Morrisey, 2008). Applying the childrearing approaches of reinforcement to daily activities can facilitate the development of both a positive self-esteem and self-concept. In the 2009 publication, Anderson, Hughes, and Fuemmeler addressed some of the specific issues that surround parental attitudes and child activity. The objective of this study examined the parental attitudes on children based on the particular types and levels of intensity in physical activity that children engaged in, which could give explanation to the gender differences associated with these activities, in addition to the evaluation of physical engagement serving as a mechanism to shorten time spent engaged in sedentary behaviors. A design of a community sample with participants, which included, 681 parents and 433 children of the mean age of 9.9 years conveyed the importance of activities such as moderate to vigorous intensity levels in the areas of team an individual activities including, sports, physical activity and household chores. (p. 428) As Anderson et al. (2009) conducted their evaluations separate structural models were used to determine factors that differed between boys and girls in relation to parental attitudes and physical activity. Separate structural models (LISREL 8.7) for girls and boys tested whether parental attitudes were related to child TV and computer via child attitudes, sport team participation, and physical activity, controlling for demographic factors. Main Outcome Measures: Child 7-day physical activity, sport teams, weekly TV, computer. Results: Parent- child attitude congruence was more prevalent among boys, and attitudes varied by ethnicity, parent education, and number of children. Positive parent- child attitudes for vigorous team sports were related to increased team participation and physical activity, as well as reduced TV and computer in boys and girls. Value of moderate intensity household chores, such as cleaning house and doing laundry, was related to decreased team participation and increased TV in boys. Only organized team sports, not general physical activity, was related to reduced TV and computer. Conclusion: Results support parents role in socializing childrens achievement task v alues, affecting child activity by transferring specific attitudes. Value of vigorous intensity sports provided the most benefits to activity and reduction of sedentary behavior, while valuing household chores had unexpected negative effects. (p. 428) Sexual Behaviors of Adolescents and the Associated Risks The adolescent years are characterized by the development of ones personal sense of identity. During this phase a transition from middle childhood to early adulthood takes place. In these years, young adults entering puberty explore an array of sexual behaviors that will play a role in shaping their sexual identities. With the exploration of such sexual behaviors follows the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy. 1. What associated risks are involved with sexual behaviors in adolescents? 2. What are the statistics of sexually transmitted diseases among teens? 3. What are the statistics of pregnancies among teens? As middle-childhood transitions into the adolescent years an array of physical, cognitive and social changes take place, these are main contributors to the sexual behaviors explored individuals in their adolescent years, however, there are associated risks with connected with these sexual behaviors that include, contraction of sexually transmitted diseases and teen pregnancy. What associated risks are involved with sexual behaviors in adolescents? The exploration of newly discovered sexual desires among adolescents come with repercussions. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among teens. Another primary concern that surrounds the engagement of sexual activity in teens is the possibility of becoming pregnant. Precautionary measures to ensure safety when acting upon sexual urges and needs must be taken into consideration before any sexual contact is to occur. The enforcement of sex-ed in many public schools throughout the U.S decreases the chances of individuals acting upon sexual desires without first examining the risks, and increases likeliness of the use of condoms and other contraceptives. What are the statistics of sexually transmitted diseases among U.S. teens? One of the largest concerns surrounding the sexual voyages of adolescents is the threat of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Prepared by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, The Executive Summary, part of the Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention states that: Recently, a number of Federal agencies sponsored a workshop to answer the following question: What is the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of latex male condom-use to prevent STD transmission during vaginal intercourse? This workshop was attended by 180 persons, and the data from numerous peer-reviewed published studies were discussed. Following the workshop, a panel of 28 experts worked to develop this report. (p. 1) In the United States, more than 65 million individuals are living with an STD, the majority of which are incurable viral infections. Approximately 15 million new sexually transmitted infections occur annually in the U.S. In the United States, approximately 493,000 individuals have died from AIDS, and 800,000-900,000 peopleare living with HIV disease. (p. 1) AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME) is one of the primary causes of death among youth. AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that is induced by the HIV virus. There is no known cure for the disease. A basic list of facts regarding the contraction of the HIV virus was provided by, the Palo Alto Medical Foundation. HIV can be passed from person to person if someone with HIV infection has sex with or shares drug injection needles with another person. It also can be passed from a mother to her baby when she is pregnant, when she delivers the baby, or if she breast-feeds her baby. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is found in blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. HIV is spread most often by having sex without using a condom, or by sharing needles. People can be infected with HIV without knowing it. An HIV test is the only way to know for sure. There are treatments that help people with HIV stay healthier, but there is still no cure. Choosing not to have sex and never sharing needles are good ways to protect yourself. Practicing safer sex means always using a new condom with a water-based lubricant. You cannot get HIV from shaking hands, water fountains, bathrooms or eating utensils. (Alto, 2010) In 2009, 46% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse, and 14% of high school students had had four or more sex partners during their life.1 In 2009, 34% of currently sexually active high school students did not use a condom during last sexual intercourse.1 In 2002, 11% of males and females aged 15-19 had engaged in anal sex with someone of the opposite sex; 3% of males aged 15-19 had had anal sex with a male.2 In 2002, 55% of males and 54% of females aged 15-19 had engaged in oral sex with someone of the opposite sex.2 In 2006, an estimated 5,259 young people aged 13-24 in the 33 states reporting to CDC were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, representing about 14% of the persons diagnosed that year.3 Each year, there are approximately 19 million new STD infections, and almost half of them are among youth aged 15 to 24.4 In 2002, 12% of all pregnancies, or 757,000, occurred among adolescents aged 15-19.5 (Rowe, 2010) What are the pregnancies statistics among U.S. teens? An epidemic surrounding teenage pregnancy has emerged in America; every day in the U.S. a high volume of adolescents give birth. The statistics of teen pregnancy seem to appear much lower in other industrialized nations. Teens in the U.S. are likely to use birth control. The narrow-mindedness that surrounds the practice of premarital sex in the U.S. can be rooted to a lack of sex education. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, teen pregnancy among girls between the ages of 15-19 have shown trends that have decreased by 37 percent between 1988 and 2005. However, the teen pregnancy rate between 2005 and 2006 increased 3 percent. Proper sex education has proven to be one of the most effective measures of reducing the risks among youth of contracting STDs and teenage pregnancy. Promoting proper awareness through sex education provides individuals with the information needed to practice the measures of safe sex (Henshaw, 2010). Life Expectancy Calculations According to the calculations provided by MSNs life expectancy calculator, my approximate life expectancy is 86 years of age. The positive and negative factors of my lifestyle were examined. (Msn, 2011) 1. What lifestyle modifications can be made to increase my longevity? 2. Who are the youngest and oldest people you have known, and what lifestyle choices attributed to their longevity? A variety of important developmental components of physical and mental health are main attributers to the longevity of ones lifespan, some of these factors depend on levels of stress, personality type, engagement in physical activity, in addition to, a variety of behavioral and genetic predispositions that are theorized to influence the human lifespan. What lifestyle modifications can be made to increase my longevity? Stress has a large impact on health factors that include, personality type. Type A personalities are believed to be more prone to the disposition of heart disease. Listed below are some of the personality traits of type A and type B personalities, provided by the website changingminds.org, which provides further information in regard to these associated health issues. The Type A personality generally lives at a higher stress level. This is driven by They enjoy achievement of goals, with greater enjoyment in achieving of more difficult goals. They are thus constantly working hard to achieve these. They find it difficult to stop, even when they have achieved goals. They feel the pressure of time, constantly working flat out. They are highly competitive and will, if necessary create competition. They hate failure and will work hard to avoid it. They are generally pretty fit and often well-educated (a result of their anxiety). The Type B personality generally lives at a lower stress level and are typically: They work steadily, enjoying achievements but not becoming stressed when they are not achieved. When faced with competition, they do not mind losing and either enjoy the game or back down. They may be creative and enjoy exploring ideas and concepts. They are often reflective, thinking about the outer and inner worlds (Type A and type B). Unfortunately I carry more characteristics of the type A personality, which predisposes me to such health complications later in life that are associated with type A personalities. Although, I cannot change my entire personality, there are, however, certain behavioral modification techniques I can apply to everyday life to reduce specific stressors. I carry certain tendencies that border obsessive-compulsive behaviors, which is a common characteristic of type A personalities. These obsessive behaviors are stressors that can be controlled through behavior modification techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Who are the youngest and oldest people you have known, and what lifestyle choices attributed to their longevity? The longest living individual I have known personally would have to be my great-grandmother on my fathers side who lived to the age of 87, which is close to the approximation of my life according to the lifespan calculator. She was always a physically active individual that enjoyed the simplicities in life. Her laidback attitude leads me to say that she had a type B personality. The youngest person in my life that has died was caused by something that could have been prevented. I was a small child at the time, but twenty-eight year old Mark, my fathers closest friend suffered from an addiction to heroin that engulfed his entire existence. His addiction caused him to contract the HIV virus, which soon after turned into full-blown AIDS that facilitated the slow deterioration leading to his death less than two years after contracting the virus. It is unknown whether he contracted the virus through sharing of needles, or having unprotected sex. Thee use of hard narcotics such as heroin would have eventually lead to death if measures were not taken to control the addiction. However, the lifestyles often associated with drug addicts follow a set of lifestyle influences put forth by peers. Addicts often associated with addicts and share things like needles and engage in unprotected sex, which is an unfortunate cause of death affecting many individuals that suffer f rom such disorders as drug addiction.